Special Report Our Guest Contributor, Lauren van der Byl of Legalese
Amendments to the Film and Publications Act – Online censorship or welcomed 21st-century update?
The Film and Publications Act 65 of 1996 (“FPA“) was enacted to regulate the film industry in South Africa. The FPA established the Film and Publications Board (“FPB“) and provided for the classification of certain films and media. The FPA commenced in 1998 and stayed the same since then subject to minor amendments over time. Therefore, when the Films and Publications Amendment Act 11 of 2019 (“FPAA“) was announced, it caused a shock due to the amendments introduced. In this article, we have summarised and discussed the amendments to better understand them and their effect
The FPAA came into operation on 1 March 2022 appearing to stem from a need to update the FPA in line with technological developments since the FPA’s initial publication.
The various updates to the FPA include the expansion of the FPA to online and streaming platforms, the insertion of new definitions as well as the extension of the ambit of certain definitions, establishing an Enforcement Committee, and providing for offenses for non-compliance with the FPA.
New and Updated Definitions
The FPA was updated by the insertion of new definitions in line with the current technological environment. These new and/or updated definitions include:
- the extension of the definition of “distribute” to include streaming content, sale, and hiring using the internet,
- the inclusion of films, games, and publications accessed using the internet under the definition of “film”, “game” and “publication”.
- a definition of “the internet”, “social media”, and “streaming”; and
- the insertion of a definition for “commercial online distributor” to differentiate the definition from that of an ordinary distributor as well as a “non-commercial distributor”.
Commercial Online Distributors
Previously, distributors were required to register with the FPB as a distributor and submit their content for classification by the FPB. Commercial online distributors (who are distinguished from ordinary distributors with the inclusion of the definition) may now apply to the FPB to classify their own content (films, games, or publications) subject to the payment of the prescribed fee.
A commercial online distributor may avoid submitting their content for examination and classification where they are granted approval for self-classification if they apply the classification guidelines and requirements of the FPB, or they inform the FPB of any classifications of “XX” and “X18” and do not reclassify content which was previously classified by the FPB.
Commercial online distributors may also apply to the FPB to have their content classified in terms of a foreign or international classification authority or body.
Complaints against prohibited content
The FPA now allows for members of the public to complain to the FPB about unclassified prohibited content or potential prohibited content (content that includes propaganda for war, incitement of imminent violence, and advocacy of hatred) in relation to services being offered by any person including any distributor (commercial or non-commercial).
Where the FPB establishes that there is merit to the complaint or that the content amounts to prohibited content or that the content has not been classified they are entitled to issue a take-down notice in terms of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act to a noncommercial online distributor or an internet service provider.
An internet service provider will be compelled to furnish the FPB or the SAPS with information on the identity of the person who published the prohibited content.
This clause raises concern as it effectively allows the FPB the power of online censorship. The FPB has the power to decide whether the content (published commercially or not) is propaganda for war, incites violence, or advocates hatred which is something traditionally decided by a court. Such power awarded to the FPB outside of a traditional court may lead to a constitutional challenge in the future.
Offences and Penalties
The objectives of the FPA were updated to include the criminalization of the possession, production, and distribution of child pornography and the creation of offences for non-compliance with the FPA
The update to the FPA includes a section on the “prohibition against distribution of private sexual photographs and films” known more commonly as “revenge porn”. Not only is it an offence to knowingly distribute private sexual content but the offence carries a maximum fine upon conviction of R150 000 (one hundred and fifty thousand Rand) and/or imprisonment not exceeding 2 (two) years. Although, it will again have to be seen how this is handled by the FPB as this aspect is also dealt with under the Cybercrimes Act which is more appropriately placed to regulate online crime and offences.
In line with the updated objective of the FPA, a section was added which prohibits the creation, production, and distribution of films and photographs depicting sexual violence and violence against children.
Further amendments
A new subsection 24(3) was added to section 24 (regulation of adult content) to allow a registered film or game distributor, subject to being granted an exemption by the FPB, to distribute a film or game classified as “X18” online under certain circumstances and subject to certain requirements.
Sections 24D to 24G have been added to deal with prohibitions, offences, and penalties for the submission of false and misleading information online to the FPB, the distribution of private sexual photographs and films, the filming and distribution of films and photographs depicting sexual assault and violence against children and propaganda for war, incitement of imminent violence, and advocacy of hatred, respectfully.
Internet service providers are also required to register with the FPB and are mandated to take all reasonable steps to prevent the use of their services for the hosting or distribution of child pornography.
The additional updates to the FPA relate to compliance and enforcement such as the establishment of an Enforcement Committee and the broadening of the current scope of compliance officers.
To conclude, while many of the above amendments bring a welcomed update to a slightly outdated FPA, it will remain to be seen how the FPB will implement their new powers in respect of prohibited content considering our Constitution and freedoms as well as the regulation of all the added offences and penalties following implementation of the FPA in practice.
Lauren van der Byl on behalf of Legalese
01 April 2022
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AGMATINEAgmatine is a by-product of the amino acid arginine and is produced through a process referred to as decarboxylation. Basically, agmatine is arginine with the carboxylic acid finish removed.
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These are important amino acids, in order that they should be
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You can nonetheless see vital outcomes by utilizing them individually or in several combos.
It Is additionally essential to learn the labels of every
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Powder coating is nice because it staves off scratches
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Within this extended timeframe, a day by day dosage between 75mg and 100mg becomes the norm.
However, a crucial caveat accompanies this higher dosage vary — an elevated danger of potential
unwanted side effects. The delicate dance of balancing gains with potential risks requires a heightened stage of
consciousness and duty. This is due to Anavar being 5α-reduced;
thus, it doesn’t aromatize, that means estrogen ranges remain stable.
This is beneficial for bodybuilders seeking
a lean and outlined physique. It can be interesting
to athletes who are not looking for additional water weight when performing.
“Nice stuff. Everything works as intended, chemistry is on point. Was skeptical at first as assume most people are, examined a pair products and exhausting to search out higher. About to position my 2nd order.” “Legit products! Smashing through PR’s and coming again for spherical two. One of one of the best if not one of the best online distributor. Highly recommend.” The authorized status of Anavar on the
market varies relying on the nation and jurisdiction.
In the Usa, Anavar is assessed as a Schedule III managed substance underneath the Managed Substances Act.
This means that it’s illegal to possess or sell Anavar
without a prescription from a licensed medical skilled.
References:
what do steroids treat
Earlier Than we focus on examples, it’s
crucial to state that the next isn’t medical advice and is merely based on our information and expertise.
Steroid dosing ought to be tailor-made to the individual and,
due to this fact, the continuing information should only be used as a suggestion. Whereas navigating the path of health transformation with Oxandrolone,
the timelines for short-term and long-term outcomes
should be well understood. The early phases may not current eye-catching outcomes but, with time, the shifts become
more pronounced, resulting in evident results by
the end of a cycle. Realize that Oxandrolone isn’t a magical resolution, but
somewhat a catalyst that enhances the hard work you place in. Utilizing Oxandrolone (Anavar), customers could
wonder what outcomes they’ll anticipate in the brief time period.
This is a novel effect compared to other anabolic steroids, which usually decrease subcutaneous fats whereas increasing visceral fats (5).
Fat loss is critical on Anavar, with analysis displaying a moderate dose
of 20 mg per day leading to four kilos of fat loss over
the course of 12 weeks (4). However, anecdotally, we’ve noticed additional reductions in fat mass in our weightlifting sufferers.
Anavar is fast appearing steroid derived from DHT (dihydrotestosterone) with
a half-life of simply 8 to 10 hours.
It is crucial to comply with the recommended Anavar dosage and cycle tips and monitor the body’s response to the drug closely.
Session with a medical skilled earlier than use
is extremely recommended. If you’ve never used Anavar before, it’s recommended that you just begin with
a decrease dosage to assess your tolerance and response to the drug.
A typical beginner’s dose is 30mg per day, taken for a
interval of 6-8 weeks.
Similar to adults, this may be repeated intermittently as
indicated. If the recommended dosage is three capsules per day, then it’s most likely best to split the dosage into two and take it with
breakfast and lunch. As you could know, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy source for your muscles.
Anvarol will increase your ATP ranges, giving you extra energy and making your exercises more effective.
I wanted to improve my athletic performance and lose some fat with out shedding any muscle that I had labored hard for.
One factor you must know about the unwanted facet effects
of Anavar steroids is that they are extra widespread in women than men.
Many men select to use Anavar as a outcome of it is an effective approach to construct muscle and cut weight quick.
Pro-athletes can increase the dose of Anavar, but in combined cycles it mustn’t exceed 60 mg.
When power levels are low, the immune system
is much less able to fight off infection and illness.
Subsequently, maintaining excessive power levels is crucial for optimal well being and efficiency
in sports, fitness, and bodybuilding. In addition, Anavar helps to
increase protein synthesis, which is the method that helps muscular tissues
to grow bigger and stronger. As a result, Anavar could be an efficient tool for constructing muscle
mass.
For physique/performance functions, most advice caps Oxandrolone cycles at round 6-8 weeks, followed by off-periods
to prevent extreme strain. If unwanted aspect effects turn into extreme or concerning, discontinue use instantly and consult a medical skilled.
Proper research, precautions, and cycle planning are essential for
a safe Anavar use in bodybuilding.
One of essentially the most concerning unwanted facet effects for
girls is virilization, where they start to develop male characteristics as
a end result of elevated testosterone levels. Virilization can embrace a range of signs, such as a
deeper voice, elevated body and facial hair, and changes in menstrual cycles.
These adjustments may be distressing, and in some circumstances, they could be irreversible
even after stopping Anavar. Girls utilizing Anavar are often advised to take lower doses to
reduce the chance of these unwanted side effects. Men utilizing Anavar could expertise several particular unwanted aspect effects related to their hormonal balance and reproductive well being.
One of the main concerns of Anavar for men is the suppression of natural testosterone production. Since Anavar is an artificial form of testosterone, the physique might scale back or stop
its own production of the hormone.
Anavar can enhance the degrees of LDL ldl cholesterol (the “bad” cholesterol) in your blood.
When these ranges are increased, your sebaceous glands produce extra sebum.
When energy levels are low, the body’s metabolism slows down so
as to conserve vitality. Moreover, Anavar also helps to increase your power levels, making it simpler to stay
lively and burn off even more calories. Anavar does not aromatize or convert to DHT, and
has an 8 hour half-life.
There are varied PCT protocols available, with each tailor-made to specific needs based on the individual’s goals,
Anavar dosage, and cycle period. It is essential to choose a
PCT protocol that best suits your necessities to attain optimum
results. In this publish we’ll present you how to correctly do an Anavar cycle.
As Anavar can be utilized both for bulking and slicing,
we shall discuss both. Take your time to analysis the distributors and browse reviews
of previous buyers so that you just confirm that you are dealing with the
right vendor.
We liv in a day and age now where with slightly bit of research you probably can simply
go online and order some anavar straight to your personal home.
It Is essential to note that individual responses to Anavar may vary,
and these dosage guidelines are not one-size-fits-all.
Every individual’s body composition, targets, and tolerance should
be thought of when figuring out the appropriate dosage.
References:
buying anabolic steroids online (mendascotravels.com)
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As you presumably can see, estimating a easy loss of fats in kilos is nearly
unimaginable. If you’re already very lean and are simply making an attempt to shred those previous few cussed pounds, you
will be shedding lower than somebody doing their first chopping cycle.
It’s fun to take a glance at earlier than and after pictures
of individuals who’ve used Anavar, but this tells
us nothing about any positive aspects in power they’ve skilled on the cycle.
Females naturally produce small amounts of testosterone, however when using steroids, this powerful androgen can rapidly bring about a
whole host of undesirable unwanted effects for females.
This assumes you aren’t utilizing excessive doses of Anavar and never
utilizing it regularly over a protracted period.
In these circumstances, you can anticipate a lot larger stress
on the liver, presumably causing everlasting
damage. Liver support dietary supplements can help provide some protection to your liver when utilizing Anavar or different steroids.
Anavar is usually stacked with different compounds to
maximise outcomes and reduce unwanted facet effects. Widespread stacks include
testosterone for males or low doses of other anabolic steroids for
girls. While it’s not with out potential unwanted effects
correct dosing and cycling methods may help reduce risks.
I believe this supplement presents a viable choice for critical athletes and bodybuilders who need to improve their
performance inside legal boundaries. Hi, I’m Dave Moffat the founder and Chief Editor of steroidsourcetalk.com and
authorized International Private Trainer and Licensed Nutritionist.
Anavar at 10mg/day for 6-8 weeks is nice, and you probably won’t have any unwanted effects.
As for the best time to take Oxandrolone, break up it into two doses daily at 5mg/each (once with
breakfast and again earlier than bedtime). Women can count on excellent results from
an Anavar cycle, including lovely energy positive aspects.
SARMs are usually thought-about safer than conventional steroids, as they aim
specific tissues and often have fewer unwanted effects.
Safer choices like the most effective oral steroid with least unwanted side effects
or safest steroids for over 50 should all the time be prioritized.
Each steroid can have specific unwanted side effects that pose different risks to totally
different people. We thought-about security rankings based on results on ldl cholesterol,
hair loss, and overall side effects. Primo is named one
of many least impactful Steroids known to
man and has often been compared to Anavar (Oxandrolone) in terms of side
effects. Sure, Primo does have unwanted effects
like hair loss, testosterone shutdown, etc,
however it’s far less unhealthy than different injectable Steroids.
Steroid dosing ought to be tailor-made to the person and, therefore,
the continuing info ought to only be used as a tenet.
In many places, Anavar is assessed as a managed substance and
requires a prescription for medical use. However,
you will need to note that laws relating to personal use and possession can differ.
It is essential to research and understand the precise legal regulations in your
jurisdiction earlier than considering the use of Oxandrolone.
It is commonplace to actually do blood tests and see where your
blood markers are.
Anavar is extremely efficient in fats burning, significantly in stubborn areas
of the body, such as the hips, thighs, and decrease abdomen.
To shed pounds, this steroid will increase T3 ranges, a thyroid hormone identified for its powerful fat loss properties.
Anavar is usually used by athletes and bodybuilders to boost efficiency and
promote muscle development. The timing of Anavar consumption in relation to your exercise routine can affect its effectiveness.
Quite A Few web sites specialize in the sale of performance-enhancing substances, including anabolic steroids.
It is essential to analysis and select reputable on-line shops
that present high-quality merchandise. Look for web sites that provide secure cost methods, discrete packaging, and
have positive customer evaluations and suggestions.
Based on extensive research and producer tips, Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals Anavar requires specific dosing protocols and biking strategies to maximise advantages while sustaining safety.
I’ve analyzed the optimal approaches for both dosage and cycling periods.
Hi-Tech Prescription Drugs Anavar incorporates a specialised blend of energetic compounds designed to duplicate the anabolic results of Oxandrolone.
The formulation makes use of the proprietary Cyclosome™
delivery technology to maximize absorption and bioavailability.
Anavar was additionally prescribed for treating osteoporosis because of its capacity to extend bone mineral density.
Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain except instructed to take action. Properly discard this product when it’s
expired or no longer wanted.
One more point here is that dosing can additionally be dependent on if one is running an Anavar-only cycle, or stacking it with different medication like testosterone.
Anavar or Oxandrolone is specifically a dihydrotestosterone (DHT) hormone that has been structurally altered.
It is DHT with an added oxygen atom changing the carbon-2 within the A-ring.
This alteration tremendously increases the hormone’s anabolic activity, in addition to prevents it from being metabolically damaged down.
Anavar is amongst the most expensive steroids available on a per milligram basis.
While Anavar is a light steroid, it’ll still suppress pure testosterone manufacturing when used over long intervals of time.
Analysis from 1995 confirmed that following a 12-week cycle, the place the drug was dosed
at 20mg per day, check topics skilled a drop of their testosterone production 12 weeks post-cycle.
During an Anavar cycle, the physique recognizes a big
inflow of testosterone and fewer luteinizing hormone is produced.
This in flip means Leydig cells in the testicles are stimulated less,
and testicular atrophy and infertility issues can occur. Another point about Anavar unwanted aspect effects is that this drug doesn’t aromatize (convert to estrogen), which means
male customers avoid estrogen-related unwanted effects like gynecomastia
and water retention. The lack of water retention leads to muscle features made on oxandrolone being “clear and dry,”
as described by bodybuilders. Nevertheless, that is an anabolic
steroid and it may possibly have notable unwanted side effects, together with
the next.
References:
steroid user before and after – https://nouzwen.com,
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