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The South African Cybersecurity Act

We promised to let you have a summary of the new Act: much of which came into effect on 1 December 2021. We will be holding a “fireside chat” on the new law which will be on our website in the coming weeks. Here we explain the purpose and aim of the Act, the overall structure of the Act, and, finally, key sections that you need to know to meet your obligations under the Act and how it relates to the POPIA.

Purpose of the Act: The Act modernizes existing criminal offenses to cater to the nature with which many cyber-crimes are committed, while also creating new offenses to criminalize certain behaviour – such as theft and interference of data. Other objectives include:

  • criminalise the dissemination of harmful data messages and provide interim protection
  • further regulate law enforcement’s jurisdiction over cybercrime by granting extensive powers to investigate, search, access, and seize articles used in committing an offense, such as computers, databases, networks, etc.
  • impose obligations to report cybercrimes.

Specific offenses created under the Cybercrimes Act include a person’s unlawful access – is the unlawful and intentional access to a computer system or a computer data storage medium (“hacking”) and the unlawful interception, interference, or acquisition of data, a computer program, a computer data storage medium or a computer system.

The criminal offenses include:

  1.  cyber fraud – fraud committed by means of data or a computer program or through any interference with data or a computer program.
  2. cyber forgery –the passing-off of false data or a false computer program with the intention to defraud.
  3. cyber extortion – being, amongst other things, the unlawful and intentional interception of data for the purpose of obtaining any advantage from another person or compelling another person to perform or to abstain from performing any act (also known as ransomware).
  4. the theft of incorporeal property.

The Act also criminalises malicious or harmful communications. This touches upon any form of digital communication as the Act uses the term “data messages” which could:

  • incite or threaten damage to property or violence.
  • threaten persons with damage to property or violence.
  • and disclose an intimate image.

By defining ‘person’ as both a natural and a juristic person (like POPIA), the Act casts a very wide ambit as to who it applies to. Both individuals and companies may be subject to the protection as well as the offenses.

Structure of Act: The Act is divided into various chapters. You can read the Cybercrimes Act and the full text here. Not all the sections of the Act have commenced.  These sections have commenced:

  • Chapter 1 – definitions to help us understand and apply the relevant sections.
  • Chapter 2 – specifics regarding cybercrime have commenced – these are the modernised cybercrimes described above, malicious communications, assisting or instructing someone to commit a crime, competent verdicts, and sentencing.
  • Chapter 3 – South African courts and their jurisdiction to try cybercrimes.
  • Chapter 4 – The Act grants very wide powers to the Police Service to investigate, search, access or seize anything digital wherever they are located. The police MUST have a search warrant.
    1. All sections of this Chapter commence except sections 38(1)(d) -(f), 40(3)-(4), and 41-44.
  • Chapter 7: evidence – how people admit evidence in relation to cybercrime.
  • Chapter 8: reporting obligations and capacity building – all sections commence except section 54 (which relates to the obligations, including reporting obligations, of electronic communications service providers and financial institutions) – this is an extremely critical aspect of the Act as it impacts the primary controllers of exceptionally substantial amounts of data that are prone to frequent cybercrimes; and
  • Chapter 9: general provisions (including a schedule of laws that are repealed or amended). All sections commence except for certain amendments to the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007.

POPIA connection: The Cybercrimes Act has several provisions that interact with certain aspects of POPIA. POPIA specifically regulates the manner in which the lawful processing and protection of personal information of both natural and juristic persons should be carried out.  The definition of ‘processing’ in section 1 of POPIA includes a wide range of activities such as the collection, receipt, modification, retrieval, alteration, transmission, degradation, erasure, or destruction of personal information.

Where any personal information is subject to unauthorised access or possession, POPIA addresses the obligations of the lawful holder of such personal information (as defined under POPIA) to have taken reasonable and appropriate measures to secure and safeguard the personal information in the first place and, if such data breach occurs (or is suspected) to take reasonable steps to address it, including a report of the occurrence to the Information Regulator. Now, the perpetrators of such unauthorised access or possession of personal information would also be charged with an offense under the Cybercrimes Act.

Section 54 of the Cybercrimes Act imposes similar reporting obligations on electronic communications service providers and financial institutions (when it is proclaimed) who become aware that their electronic communications service or electronic communications network have been involved in the commission of any category or class of offence/s as outlined above.  Consequently, they will be obliged to report the unauthorised access of the data/personal information within their possession to both the Information Regulator and the South African Police Service (SAPS), respectively.

POPIA mandates that such a data breach must be reported ‘as soon as reasonably possible, while the Cybercrimes Act specifically mandates that such an offense must be reported to the SAPS ‘not later than 72 hours after having become aware of the offense.

If you want to know more about the Practical Impact of the Cybercrime Act, you can read more about it here https://www.michalsons.com/blog/the-practical-impact-of-the-cyber-bill-on-you/25300. And here: https://www.cliffedekkerhofmeyr.com/en/news/publications/2021/TMT/technology-media-and-telecommunications-sector-newsletter-9-june-regulating-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-south-africas-cybercrimes-bill-is-signed-into-law.html

Many thanks to our Legal Affairs Committee Chair, Rieka van Wyk for this article.

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    of the deltoid. That’s why you’re finishing off
    StrengthLog’s back and shoulder workout with the dumbbell rear
    delt row, top-of-the-line exercises on your posterior deltoids.
    Monkey rows primarily target your lateral delts but additionally activate your rear delts
    and upper traps.
    The shoulder will typically ache and be stiff when at relaxation after which damage more when the individual uses it.
    Or, if you’re assured you can even make
    the following weight jump, that’s another choice.
    This will simply be dependent on how you really feel, and the weights you have entry
    to. Regardless of why it occurs, a stronger shoulder can deal with the abuse much
    more successfully than a weak one.
    It is really helpful to consult with your orthopedic
    surgeon and physical therapist to establish a safe weight limit and restoration plan. Correct kind, utilizing
    lighter weights, and rest periods between units are
    important to stop re-injury throughout weightlifting.
    Following recommendation from shoulder surgeons and bodily therapists
    ensures that the recovery process stays on observe and optimum outcomes are achieved.
    Monitoring progress after shoulder substitute involves patient-specific timelines
    and adjustable rehabilitation plans.
    Nevertheless, maintaining proper form is essential to ensure effective muscle engagement
    and forestall injury. The finest shoulder exercises
    for men usually focus on constructing muscle mass and a broad, V-shaped upper physique.
    These include supersets, overhead press variations, teres major and minor workouts, and exercises designed to cut back pain. An efficient shoulder exercise helps build energy, stability,
    and flexibility in the shoulders, as well as improve posture and scale back harm risk.
    The best residence shoulder exercises are exercises that assist
    construct strength and definition of the shoulders with none particular tools or a gym membership.

    Residence shoulder workout routines assist strengthen and define
    all shoulder muscle teams relying on the kind of workout.

    The most typical residence shoulder workout routines, corresponding to shoulder presses, lateral raises, and flys,
    assist increase power in all areas of the shoulders.

    That’s why I will share the most effective shoulder exercises using the highest 10 shoulder workouts.

    You Will also discover a particular exercise for novices and another for these with dumbbells.
    The relaxation occasions are short, the units
    are taken to failure, and there isn’t much consideration paid to how a lot weight you’re lifting.

    The minimalist Shoulder Day exercise takes an 80/20 approach to training.

    You can use ice, warmth and exercises to keep your shoulder free and comfortable.
    If these easy strategies don’t relieve your pain, ask your
    healthcare supplier about surgical choices.
    Reaching out to your supplier is step one towards confirming
    the cause of your shoulder ache and developing a remedy plan that may greatest ease your signs.

    You might really feel pain when you attain overhead, carry heavy objects or play sports or take part actions that contain a variety of arm movements.
    In late-stage illness, you might not have the flexibility to complete easy on a daily basis
    tasks without ache. These tasks embody things like bathing, grooming and
    even writing or using your pc.
    Now let’s look at each of these causes of left shoulder ache in a bit extra element.
    Please bear in mind, any new incidence of higher arm ache must be assessed by your doctor to make sure an correct prognosis.
    While individual therapies can vary per person, much less
    is more when treating most shoulder ache.

    One of the biggest problems folks have with overhead work for each urgent and pulling is a scarcity of shoulder stability.
    Our industry loves to pressure feed mobility fixes for stability issues, but
    the one place that gets athletes and lifters is chronically injured.
    Inherently, this recruits the forearms muscle tissue and
    the little shoulder stabilizer muscles to turn on and fire as well.

    Biceps tendonitis is a situation that occurs when you could have irritation in your higher biceps tendon.
    This tendon — also referred to as the long head of the biceps tendon — connects your biceps muscle to your shoulder blade
    bone. Biceps tendonitis is irritation and irritation in the long head of the
    biceps tendon. That’s why you want to be careful when you work
    out your shoulders.
    For guys who do have shoulder issues I suggest they discover a approach to work in movements which are accomplished behind
    the head. And if they can’t, performing shoulder dislocates
    with a band or broomstick till that level of mobility may be reached is a good begin. It becomes unsafe to take action when lifters
    don’t put or maintain the apply of such movements into their
    training, thus maintaining a high diploma of mobility and adaptability in those joints.
    Shoulder mobility has each execs and cons, and for the aggressive athlete this actuality becomes much more of a concerning
    problem. You see, the impressive mobility of the shoulder joint must be
    combined with a excessive degree of stability, and that is the place the conflict
    usually occurs. When used accurately will enhance energy,
    mobility, and repeatedly reinforce our want for core stabilization.
    Cartilage is the tissue that covers the humeral head and the “socket” of your shoulder joint.
    Some of the commonest causes include rotator cuff injuries, bursitis, and osteoarthritis.
    Surgical Procedure may be recommended if nonsurgical remedies don’t help relieve
    your shoulder ache. One small examine in individuals
    in search of look after shoulder ache evaluated
    the hyperlink between sleeping place and shoulder pain.
    More persistent circumstances may require corticosteroid injections, shoulder manipulation, or surgical procedure.

    If conservative measures are ineffective, you might need surgery to empty or take away
    the affected bursa. In these cases, there’s no underlying situation or pain that’s related
    to your shoulder cracking. You might hear a grinding
    or popping sound whenever you try to use your shoulder
    for any purpose. Discover out what occurs during surgical procedure and all in regards to the rehab and recovery course of in the subacromial
    decompression part.
    The overhead press and lateral raise are each wonderful side-delt exercises.
    We’ve already lined the overhead press,
    so let’s delve into the lateral increase. You’re in all probability starting to see
    a development now with these isolation shoulder workouts…
    Entrance raises look very related to lateral raises, however instead of
    focusing on the edges of the shoulders, frontal raises work the entrance of your shoulder by bringing the
    arms up in entrance of you.
    Shrugs build your trapezius, a large muscle that runs
    from the bottom of your neck, across your shoulders, and right down to
    the middle of your again. Well-developed traps improve the look of your
    back and your delts, making the shrug an essential exercise for StrengthLog’s back and shoulder exercise.
    It’s the best train to target your traps directly, and
    you’ll perform it utilizing either a barbell or a pair
    of dumbbells. Second, hold your motion to make your shoulder muscular tissues robust and
    secure. Postural workout routines typically require you to carry your movements which can assist
    scale back shoulder pain. Furthermore, postural workouts involve strengthening
    the upper again muscle tissue and stretching chest muscles, which is ready to enhance posture, so it won’t damage as much
    in your shoulders. The shoulder exercises you can do with no gear primarily include
    body-weight exercises.
    There are a number of variations of each lift, and every has some nuance to it.
    Moreover, the shoulders are a difficult joint, and not everyone will
    have the power to perform all three actions with out aggravating their shoulders (i.e.
    shoulder impingement). Right Here are some straightforward shoulder workouts that you are able to do to strengthen your shoulder muscle tissue and forestall
    accidents. The heavier the weights, the extra secure your shoulders must be —
    so give them some extra consideration. Sure, scapular wall
    slides assist posture by strengthening the back and shoulders, concentrating on the traps and rhomboids.

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    gaining 7 kilos of muscle. This correlates with
    our findings, as most customers are heavier post-Anavar cycle, regardless of shedding notable quantities of subcutaneous fat.

    In conclusion, the selection between Anavar and Anadrol is determined by your distinctive fitness objectives,
    tolerance to side effects, and expertise with anabolic steroids.
    It Is necessary to do not neglect that the use of anabolic
    steroids for efficiency enhancement ought to only be accomplished beneath the supervision of
    a healthcare skilled. In our experience, Anavar’s results on cholesterol
    are comparatively mild compared to different steroids; however,
    blood stress remains to be prone to rise on-cycle. Though it’s well-liked amongst
    men, it’s much more so amongst women as a end result
    of a scarcity of virilization unwanted aspect effects. A most dose
    of a hundred milligrams per day, well tolerated by most males.

    Anyone with a history of liver problems should keep away from Anavar utterly.
    For those that do use Anavar it’s suggested to take
    a liver support complement (9) like milk thistle.
    Anavar however prevents muscle loss by significantly decreasing cortisol (stress) ranges.
    He appeared like a normal average bloke within the ‘before’ image,
    carrying fairly a bit of weight around the midsection, with little muscle definition and no visible
    abs. However then in the ‘after’ picture (16 weeks later) he looked like a ripped motion hero.

    Studies have reported ladies experiencing virilization results when receiving high doses
    of zero.125 mg per kg (13) constantly for a year. A basic rule
    with steroids is that the extra pronounced the results, the more extreme the side effects are.
    Based on our tests, Anavar is certainly one of the
    finest steroids in regard to poisonous unwanted effects.
    Analysis has also shown it to possess safety in long-term medical settings
    (9). BTG was granted orphan drug designation for treating rare muscle-wasting diseases and circumstances similar to AIDS, Turner syndrome,
    and muscular dystrophy. This gave BTG seven years of market exclusivity, leading to a pharmaceutical monopoly.

    Consequently, BTG was capable of significantly increase the
    worth of Anavar by 1,200%.

    References:

    steroids bodybuilding side effects (Mitch)



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